Chemical Treatment Equipment
Chemical Treatment Equipment
Chemical Treatment Equipment . . .
Advanced Oxidation
CATADOX Process
The CATADOX process is a combination of treatment using ozone, UV, hydrogen peroxide, and catalysts, resulting in a powerful and advanced oxidation treatment system. This advanced oxidation process achieves more effective TOC reduction compared to conventional, well-known AOP processes. CATADOX also performs well in removing non-biodegradable COD, reducing volatile gases, decreasing toxicity, eliminating color and odor, treating refractory organic compounds such as DMSO, TMAH, NMP, IPA (isopropanol), and removing trihalomethanes and urea from water.
Advantages:
Enables testing with different loading conditions
Demonstrates wastewater treatment capability
Allows on-site testing with the actual wastewater to be treated
Generates precise design parameters
Accurately predicts capital and operating costs
Electron Beam Processing Systems
The electron beam irradiation method is considered one of the advanced oxidation technologies for water treatment.
The interaction of electrons with water molecules leads to the formation of intermediate products such as hydroxyl radicals, hydrated electrons, and hydrogen atoms. These products react with organic pollutants present in the water, resulting in the decomposition of these substances.
Hydrogen Peroxide/ Ultraviolet Irradiation:H2O2/UV
It is a process in which hydrogen peroxide is added to water in the presence of ultraviolet radiation, leading to the generation of hydroxyl radicals.
This process occurs in two stages: in the first stage, hydrogen peroxide is decomposed by ultraviolet radiation, producing hydroxyl radicals; in the second stage, the generated radicals react with the pollutants present in the water.
Hydrogen Peroxide/Ozone: H2O2/O3
When H₂O₂ and O₃ enter water simultaneously, the reaction between them causes ozone decomposition and the formation of hydroxyl radicals. The generated hydroxyl radicals can oxidize many insoluble organic substances. In acidic pH, hydrogen peroxide reacts slowly with ozone, whereas at pH above 5, rapid ozone decomposition is observed. The inhibitory efficiency of the process depends on the mass ratio of H₂O₂ to O₃.
Ozone/Ultraviolet Irradiation :O3/UV
Ozonation combined with ultraviolet radiation provides high-energy input to the system, with UV photons in the 400–180 nm range corresponding to an energy of 72–155 kcal/mol, creating favorable conditions for generating more free radicals from ozone.
This process is an advanced technology for treating industrial wastewater, enabling the almost complete oxidation of organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water, and the oxidation of relevant mineral ions to nitrate, sulfate, and others.
Treatment using hydrogen peroxide can, in some cases, produce by-products that are carcinogenic. Similarly, treatment with hypochlorite can lead to the formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons, especially chloromethane.
TiO2-catalyzed UV Oxidation
The process of using titanium dioxide in combination with ultraviolet radiation is considered one of the advanced oxidation methods based on photocatalytic technology, in which high stability and efficiency are among its most important advantages.
In this process, a semi-permeable medium such as TiO₂ is used to induce photo-excitation of electrons from the valence band to the conduction band under ultraviolet irradiation with energy greater than 3.2 electron volts. The excited electrons transferred to the conduction band, along with the positive holes generated in the valence band of the catalyst, participate in various reactions to produce hydroxyl radicals.
In this technology, TiO₂ acts as a catalyst, and after each catalytic cycle its chemical state returns to that of the initial condition. Low cost, high stability, and high efficiency are considered the main advantages of this process.
Disinfection system
uv
The use of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in water purification and wastewater treatment is a well-known method for replacing chemical disinfectants such as chlorine. UV radiation disinfects effectively without producing harmful by-products associated with chemical disinfectants like chlorine.
The wavelength of 254 nanometers is the most effective. Water to be disinfected passes through a low-pressure mercury vapor electric discharge lamp with a reflective sleeve, ensuring sufficient exposure time for effective and reliable disinfection. The power consumption of this system is approximately 10 to 20 watts per cubic meter of water per hour.
Applications of UV Systems in Water and Wastewater Treatment:
Disinfection of drinking water (cities, towns, towers, factories, homes, villas, etc.)
Disinfection of swimming pools, fountains, and jacuzzis
Disinfection of water in industrial and process units
Disinfection of water for cosmetic, pharmaceutical, chemical, and electronic industries (ultrapure water)
Disinfection of water in water softening systems and bottled water production
Disinfection of water in closed-loop cooling and HVAC systems
Disinfection of water in distillation systems
Disinfection of water in the food and dairy industries
Disinfection of water in livestock and poultry farming
Disinfection of industrial and sanitary wastewater
Advantages of Using Ultraviolet (UV) Systems:
Eliminates up to 99% of pathogenic microorganisms
Effective against microorganisms resistant to chlorine and ozone
Immediate disinfection without the need for contact tanks
No change in the physical or chemical quality of water
Does not create chemical taste or odor
Safe to use without adding chemicals or forming hazardous by-products
Lower installation and startup costs compared to other disinfection systems like ozone and chlorine
Low energy consumption
Does not remove beneficial minerals in water
Fully automatic system operation
Easy and low-cost maintenance
Complements other water treatment systems, including RO, filtration, and ion exchange
Applicable for disinfection of drinking water, industrial water, medical equipment, and more
Environmentally friendly, with no harmful impact
Ozone Generator
The role of ozone in water and wastewater treatment is significant both as an oxidizing agent and as a disinfectant. Ozone is an allotrope of oxygen, a bluish gas that is unstable. Nowadays, the use of ozone is increasing due to its advantages over chlorination. Generally, ozone has a much stronger oxidizing capability compared to chlorine (about 25 times stronger) and is safer to use. Excess ozone gas decomposes harmlessly without posing any environmental risk.
The mechanism of ozone’s action in microorganism removal is based on the direct breakdown and destruction of bacterial cell walls, whereas the chemical action of chlorine is not precisely defined and likely involves penetration of the cell wall, attack on enzymatic groups, and subsequent microorganism destruction.
Applications of Ozonation Systems in Water and Wastewater Treatment:
Pre-treatment of water to provide potable water
Disinfection of swimming pools, jacuzzis, and fountains
Disinfection of water for industrial and process units
Disinfection of water in hotels, hospitals, schools, etc.
Disinfection of cooling tower water and boiler systems
Removal of iron and manganese from water
Removal of organic matter from water
Livestock and poultry farming
Disinfection of water in slaughterhouses
Disinfection of water in military areas and barracks
Disinfection of water in bottled water production processes
Wastewater disinfection
Treatment of reclaimed water from domestic septic tanks
Electrochlorinator
In recent years, compared to other disinfection methods, electrochlorination has been proposed as a safe, reliable, and economical system for disinfection, making it a suitable method for treating drinking water, wastewater, cooling systems, and swimming pools. Although the initial investment may be a limiting factor, the low operational costs of electrochlorination often offset the initial expenses in a short period.
Definition: Electrochlorination is the process of producing hypochlorite by passing an electric current through brine. It is a form of salt electrolysis used for water disinfection. In this process, chlorine gas is produced at the anode (positive electrode), and sodium hydroxide and hydrogen are produced at the cathode (negative electrode). The chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide then react under the influence of the electric current to form a sodium hypochlorite solution.
Does not contain heavy metal contaminants (e.g., copper or lead).
Advantages of this technology (Electrochlorinator):
Effective protection against micro or macro fouling (via continuous or shock dosing).
Safe and reliable, while reducing the need to transport and store hazardous chlorine-based chemicals.
Ideal as an antibacterial (disinfectant) agent.
Suitable for installation in remote locations for injection into filtered water packages.
Minimal environmental impact.
Free from heavy metal contamination (e.g., copper or lead).
Applications of Electrochlorinator:
Offshore oil and gas platforms
Chemical industries
Desalination units
Wastewater treatment plants
Power plants
Chlorine Dioxide
Chlorine dioxide shares many properties with ozone. It is a strong oxidizing agent that does not form chloroform or chloramines and is used for phenol control. Another advantage of chlorine dioxide is that it leaves a residual in water. Its primary application is in wastewater disinfection. Chlorine dioxide must be generated on-site.
Advantages of chlorine dioxide:
More effective than chlorine and chloramines in inactivating viruses, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium.
Oxidizes iron, manganese, and sulfides.
Can enhance the clarification process.
Controls tastes and odors caused by algae, plant decomposition, and phenolic compounds.
When produced correctly (e.g., without excess chlorine), it does not form halogenated by-products.
Easy to produce.
Its biocidal efficiency is not affected by pH.
Leaves a residual in water.
Chlorinator–Hypochlorinator
Advantages of disinfection using liquid and gaseous chlorine:
– In both methods, a residual amount of chlorine remains in the water after disinfection (0.5–0.8 ppm) according to the latest guidelines of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, to counteract secondary contamination and keep the water safe.
– Calcium hypochlorite (pre-chlorine) can be easily obtained at minimal cost.
– Transportation and handling of calcium hypochlorite are very convenient, and it can also be used for other disinfection purposes.
